bitpack.hh

#pragma once
 
/**
 * \defgroup bitpacks Bitpacks
 *
 * \section bitpacks_intro Introduction
 *
 * `Bitpack`-s are a way to handle situations where many flags and/or fields of
 * arbitrary widths are packed into an underlying integer (such as a `uint32_t`
 * and referred to as a `Bitpack`'s `Storage` type) at arbitrary bit alignments.
 * This is similar to C and C++'s bitfields, but more portable, more versatile,
 * and with a type-centric interface.  They encapsulate the bitwise AND, OR, and
 * shift operations required to get at spans of bits within a word.  They are
 * meant to be particularly useful for handling memory mapped I/O (MMIO)
 * registers for hardware drivers.
 *
 * Those readers interested in formal details are invited to see \ref
 * bitpacks_formal.
 *
 * `Bitpack`-s support the following features:
 *
 * * Arbitrary width numeric fields at arbitrary bit position within an
 *   underlying integer type.
 *
 * * Arbitrary width enumeration fields, again at arbitrary position.
 *
 * * `const` fields to represent, for example, fields mutable only by hardware.
 *
 * * `volatile` `Bitpacks` require overt reads and writes, making it easier to
 *   map program source to memory or register updates.  Individual methods'
 *   documentation will call out special handling of `volatile` forms.
 *
 * * a type-centric perspective on fields, with type-based accessors (getters,
 *   setters, read-modify-write helpers, &c).
 *
 * * usable in `constexpr` contexts.
 *
 * \subsection bitpacks_intro_defining Defining Bitpacks and Fields
 *
 * To define a bitpack, begin by defining a `class` (or `struct`) that inherits
 * from the `Bitpack` template given below, specifying the underlying `Storage`
 * type as the template parameter.  It usually suffices to pick one of the
 * `uintNN_t` `cstdint` types.  For reasons of C++, one often wants a bit of
 * syntax at the top of these definitions, which is encapsulated in the
 * `BITPACK_USUAL_PREFIX` macro; add that at the top of your derived class.  We
 * then need to specify fields of the bitpack in question.
 *
 * For each field, this means, ultimately, defining a call to the
 * `Bitpack::member` method that users of the bitpack can call to access that
 * field.  While it is perfectly sensible to do so directly, this file also
 * offers a large number of utilities and affordances which capture common
 * occurrences.  We will need to specify the type of the field as seen from C++,
 * though in many cases one will simultaneously define the field and its type.
 * Further, one will need to specify the `FieldInfo` for the field: this is a
 * structure holding, in order, the minimum and maximum (both inclusive) bit
 * positions occupied by the field in the underlying word, and a (default false)
 * flag to indicate that the field is constant; many of our macros will simply
 * let us write the values of these properties in order as arguments.
 *
 * At the lowest level of assistance, the `BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD` macro
 * encapsulates the C++ syntax for a method wrapping a call to `member`.  It
 * takes the name of the method to define, the type of the field, and the values
 * to use for the `FieldInfo`.
 *
 * \remark
 * \parblock
 *
 * For example, `BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD(ticks, uint8_t, 3, 9);` defines a method
 * `ticks()` that gives `uint8_t`-flavored access to a field spanning bits 3 to
 * 9 of the bitpack's underlying word.  Callers of this method get a `Proxy` of
 * the bitpack that can be used to get, set, or alter (read-modify-write) that
 * field and will see the field's value as a `uint8_t`.
 *
 * \endparblock
 *
 * Most of the time, though, just as defining a bitpack creates a new C++ type,
 * one can think of a field within a bitpack as having a unique type within its
 * containing bitpack.  As such, most of our definition utility macros serve to
 * define a field while simultaneously defining a type which is both used as the
 * type of values of the field and as a name for the field.  Behind the scenes,
 * there is some C++ machinery to provide a `Bitpack::member<FieldType>`
 * template method that can look up a field's `FieldInfo` from its type; our
 * macros encapsulate that machinery.
 *
 * Often, fields take on enumerated values, for which C++ `enum class` types are
 * usually reasonably convenient representations.  The
 * `BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_ENUM` macro encapsulates the syntax for defining an
 * `enum class` (with given underlying type) and an associated `FieldInfo`.
 *
 * \remark
 * \parblock
 *
 * For example, this block of code...
 *
 *     BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_ENUM(Drivers, uint8_t, 12, 13)
 *     {
 *       None     = 0,
 *       UpOnly   = 1,
 *       DownOnly = 2,
 *       Both     = 3,
 *     };
 *
 * defines an `enum class Drivers` within the bitpack containing it (multiple
 * bitpack definitions may each have their own `Drivers` type within, but each
 * such may have only one).  This enumeration has an underlying type of
 * `uint8_t` and four defined values: `Drivers::None`, `Drivers::UpOnly`, &c.
 * The numeric values of the enumerators are used as values of the field within
 * the bitpack.  At the same time, the macro will have defined a `FieldInfo`
 * calling for a non-constant, two-bit field at positions 12 and 13. and
 * associated this with the `Drivers` type, so that a call to
 * `member<Drivers>()` within the bitpack will return a `Proxy` for that field
 * which works with `Drivers`-typed values.
 *
 * \endparblock
 *
 * It is often useful to have single-bit fields with custom names for the
 * 0/`false` and 1/`true` values.  This is provided by the
 * `BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_ENUM_BOOL` macro; some popular options for names are
 * provided as wrappers thereof.
 *
 * Sometimes fields are numeric rather than enumerative, such as clock dividers
 * or event counters.  `Bitpack`-s have a `Numeric<Base>` template class to
 * facilitate creating bespoke C++ types for such fields, and the
 * `BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_NUMERIC` macro encapsulates the syntactic clutter of its
 * use.
 *
 * \remark
 * \parblock
 *
 * For example, `BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_NUMERIC(Ticks, uint16_t, 14, 25, true);`
 * defines a type `Ticks`, which wraps a `uint16_t`, within the bitpack
 * containing it.  Like with `BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_ENUM`, this also defines a
 * `FieldInfo` and associates it with the `Ticks` type, so that
 * `member<Ticks>()` within the bitpack will return a proxy of this field.  The
 * `true` at the end sets the `FieldInfo` `isConst` flag and so will inhibit
 * attempts to use the `member()` field proxy to change its value.
 *
 * \endparblock
 *
 * \subsection bitpacks_intro_proxies Using Bitpacks
 *
 * Having defined a bitpack and its fields and internal machinery, one can now
 * make use of it!  Most often, bitpacks are used directly by external code;
 * that is, the proxies of its fields are public rather than being used by
 * methods of the bitpack class itself (though, of course, that also works).
 * As such, C++'s somewhat inflexible syntax rears its head on occasion, and
 * bitpacks offer macros in an attempt to compensate.
 *
 * As a consequence of defining types (of fields) within other types (their
 * contianing bitpack class), the former are in scope outside the latter only
 * when qualified with the name of the latter.  Having to always write out the
 * full `MyBitpackClass::TheFieldType` would be exhausting and distracting.
 * Conveniently, with a bitpack value in hand, `decltype` gives us a generic way
 * to refer to its type and can be used to qualify the names of contained types.
 * The `BITPACK_MEMBER_DECLTYPE(b, T)` macro gets the `Proxy` of the `T`-typed
 * field within the bitpack value `b` without needing to spell out the latter's
 * type.  If the type of `b` is dependent (for example, is `auto` or is or
 * involves a template argument), use `BITPACK_MEMBER_DEPENDENT(b, T)` instead.
 * See \ref bitpacks_macros_member .
 *
 * `Bitpack::Field::Proxy`-s offer six core methods:
 
 * 1. Projection ("getter") of the field's current value within the containing
 *    bitpack.  Proxies have implicit conversions to their field's type, so in
 *    many cases, projection is syntactiaclly free,  When it must be made
 *    explicit, projection is available as the `raw()` method on the proxy.
 *    Proxies of field types with underlying types (specifically, `enum` and
 *    `enum class` types and types derived from the `Bitpack::Numeric` template
 *    class) also have a `rawer()` method that will return the field's value as
 *    this underlying type.
 
 * 2. Assignment ("setter"), in the form of an overloaded `=` operator.  This
 *    mutates the underlying `Storage` value such that the field being proxied
 *    now has the given value.  All other bits in the bitpack are unaltered.
 *
 * 3. Modification ("read modify write", "RMW"), in the form of the `alter()`
 *    method.  `alter()` takes a callback, which should take one argument, whose
 *    type is the field's, and return another value of the same type.  The
 *    callback will be given the field's current value in the containing bitpack
 *    and the containing bitpack will be updated so that the field's value is as
 *    returned from the callback.
 *
 * 4. Cloning with override, in the form of the `with()` methods.  These return
 *    a copy of the bitpack with the proxied field changed as directed.
 *    `with()` can be given the new field value directly, or it may be given a
 *    callback that takes the field's current value and returns the desired new
 *    value.
 *
 * 5. Comparison.  For convenience, `Proxy`-s overload the spaceship operator,
 *    `<=>`, and so implicitly also provide `<`, `<=`, `==`, `!=`, `>=`, and `>`
 *    between pairs of `Proxy`-s of the same field or between a `Proxy` and a
 *    value of its field's type.
 *
 * 6. Assignment from zero, in the form of the `assign_from()` method.
 *    `assign_from` takes a callback which should return a value of the field's
 *    type when given the zero value of that type.  This is sort of like
 *    `alter()`, except that it does not extract the field's current value
 *    first.  Mostly, this is useful for polymorpic type shenanigans.
 *
 * Atop this core, there are many convenience macros for working with bitpacks
 * and field proxies.
 *
 * Because `Bitpack`-s encourage the use of types and named values defined
 * within derived classes, code using `Bitpack`-s often needs to use qualified
 * names or wrap values in type constructors (in addition to qualifying the
 * field type with the bitpack's type when constructing the field proxy as in
 * the `BITPACK_MEMBER_` macros above).  The first two families of macros atop
 * proxies help with these cases.
 *
 * * The family of \ref bitpacks_macros_proxyop_qualify is built around the
 *   `BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY(proxy, operator, value)` macro, which qualifies
 *   `value` with the field type of the proxy `proxy` and relates the proxy and
 *   qualified value with `operator`, which is often `=` for assignment or `==`
 *   for equality testing.  For example,
 *   `BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY(p, =, UpOnly)`, with `p` a `Proxy` of a
 *   `Drivers`-typed field (recall above), would assign the field to `UpOnly`
 *   without needing to use a fully qualified form like
 *   `MyBitpack::Drivers::UpOnly`.
 *
 * * The family of \ref bitpacks_macros_proxyop_construct is built around the
 *   `BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP(proxy, operator, value)` macro.  Here, the `value` is
 *   passed to a single-argument constructor of the proxy's field type.  This
 *   works well for `Numeric` types: `BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP(p, ==, 7)` will
 *   compare the value of the field being proxied by `p` with the value `7`
 *   converted to that field's type (by said type's constructor).
 *
 * Each of these families have further wrappers around their center macros:
 *
 * * `BITPACK_OPERATE_{QUALIFY,WRAP}_{DECLTYPE,DEPENDENT}(b, T, operator, v)`
 *   fuse `BITPACK_OPERATE_{QUALIFY,WRAP}` and
 *   `BITPACK_MEMBER_{DECLTYPE,DEPENDENT}`, building the `Proxy`
 *   of the `T`-typed field in the bitpack value `b`, rather than requiring it
 *   to be explicitly built first.
 *
 * * For the case where the type `T` does not need qualification when finding
 *   its associated field in `b`, use the
 *   `BITPACK_OPERATE_{QUALIFY,WRAP}_TYPE(b, T, operator, v)` macro (which can
 *   use `b.member<T>()`, rather than a `BITPACK_MEMBER_` macro, internally).
 *
 * * `BITPACK_WITH_{QUALIFY_WRAP}(proxy, value)` and
 *   `BITPACK_WITH_{QUALIFY,WRAP}_{DECLTYPE,DEPENDENT,TYPE}(b, T, v)` are
 *   specializations of their `BITPACK_OPERATE_...` siblings with `.with` as the
 *   operator, as this is a common enough occurrence.
 *
 * The family of \ref bitpacks_macros_proxyop_directed is somewhat dual: rather
 * than using the field type to in some way influence the meaning of a `value`,
 * this family uses the type of the value to find the appropriate field and a
 * proxy thereof within a bitpack value.  This can be convenient when a field
 * value is already available.  The centerpiece of this family is the
 * `BITPACK_OPERATE_VALUE(b, operator, value)` macro, which relates with
 * `operator` a proxy of the field in the bitpack value `b` whose type is that
 * of `value` and `value` itself.  The
 * `BITPACK_OPERATE_{DECLTYPE,DEPENDENT}(b, operator, value)` wrappers qualify
 * `value` with the type of the bitpack value `b`.  As above, there are also
 * `_WITH` specializations of the `_OPERATE` forms.
 *
 * There are other macros likely of more niche interest; see...
 *
 * * \ref bitpacks_macros_proxyop_enum and
 * * \ref bitpacks_macros_vararg .
 *
 * \section bitpacks_formal A More Formal Perspective
 *
 * More formally, `Bitpack`-s are a kind of aggregate structure within a numeric
 * word and offer lens-like, typed access to contiguous spans of bits therein,
 * offering a view of bits as a product of typed fields, occuping a disjoint,
 * contiguous span of bits within that word.
 *
 * The static information about a field is represented by a specialization of
 * the `Bitpack::Field<Type, Info>` template.  `Type` is the exposed C++ type of
 * the field in question, and `Info` is a (necessarily constexpr) value of the
 * `FieldInfo` type, which holds the bit indicies of the field's span within the
 * `Storage` type.  `FieldInfo` also has an `isConst` flag, used to specify that
 * the field is not mutable from software even if the larger bitpack is
 * non-constant.
 *
 * Our lenses, the centerpiece of the whole thing, are expressed as "proxy"
 * objects, instances of specializations of the [Bitpack::Field<Type,
 * Info>::Proxy<DerivedBitpack, RefType>](#Bitpack::Field::Proxy) class, which
 * wrap references to the underlying `Storage`-typed word in a `Bitpack` class
 * (or a derived class).  The type of such references, `RefType`, inherits any
 * `const` and/or `volatile` qualification of the user's handle to the bitpack,
 * and are additionally `const` qualified if the associated `FieldInfo` has
 * `isConst` asserted.
 *
 * @{
 */
 
#include <__macro_map.h>
#include <cdefs.h>
#include <concepts>
#include <limits.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <type_traits>
 
/*
 * Mark the Bitpack class declaration with cdef.h's `CHERIOT_EXPERIMENTAL()` --
 * that is, as eliciting a warning if CHERIOT_EXPERIMENTAL_APIS_WARN is defined
 * -- unless CHERIOT_EXPERIMENTAL_NOWARN_BITPACKS is defined.
 */
#if defined(CHERIOT_EXPERIMENTAL) &&                                           \
  !defined(CHERIOT_EXPERIMENTAL_NOWARN_BITPACKS)
#   define BITPACK_DECL_ANNOTATION                                            \
        CHERIOT_EXPERIMENTAL(                                                  \
          "Bitpacks are an experimental CHERIoT RTOS feature")
#else
#   define BITPACK_DECL_ANNOTATION
#endif
 
/**
 * The `Bitpack` structure itself, templated on the underlying Storage type.
 *
 * This should be the sole (non-empty) superclass of a type representing a
 * bitfield-esque composite structure.
 */
template<typename StorageParam>
    requires std::is_unsigned_v<StorageParam>
class BITPACK_DECL_ANNOTATION Bitpack
{
    public:
    /// Expose the underlying storage type
    using Storage = StorageParam;
 
    private:
    Storage value;
 
    public:
    /// Construct a `Bitpack` value with an underlying Storage of all zero bits
    constexpr Bitpack() : value(0) {}
 
    /**
     * Construct a `Bitpack` value from a value of its underlying Storage type.
     *
     * This is marked `explicit` to make things like "device->register = 0x7;"
     * slightly harder to spell, with the intent of encouraging use of named
     * constants.
     */
    constexpr explicit Bitpack(Storage v) : value(v) {}
 
    /**
     * Assign a whole `Bitpack` at once given a non-volatile `Bitpack` of the
     * same (or convertible, including derived) type.
     *
     * To assign from a `volatile` `Bitpack`, perform an explicit `.read()`
     * first.
     *
     * "Deducing this" gives us CRTP-esque behavior without, well, the CRTP, so
     * this will not accept an unrelated derived `Bitpack` class.  (But will
     * accept types that can be converted, so assigning to a `Bitpack`, as
     * opposed to a derived class, will accept any derived class, for example.
     * Probably best avoid that.)
     */
    template<typename Self>
    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(misc-unconventional-assign-operator)
    constexpr Self &&operator=(this Self                      &&self,
                               const std::remove_cvref_t<Self> &b)
    {
        self.value = b.value;
        return self;
    }
 
    /**
     * Compare `Bitpack`-s for equality (reflecting that of `Storage`).
     *
     * Neither side may be volatile; use explicit `.read()`-s first.
     */
    template<typename Self>
        requires(!std::is_volatile_v<Self>)
    constexpr bool operator==(this Self                      &&self,
                              const std::remove_cvref_t<Self> &b)
    {
        return self.value == b.value;
    }
 
    /**
     * Spaceship operator on `Bitpack`-s (reflecing that of `Storage`).
     *
     * Neither side may be volatile; use explicit `.read()`-s first.
     */
    template<typename Self>
        requires(!std::is_volatile_v<Self>)
    constexpr auto operator<=>(this Self                      &&self,
                               const std::remove_cvref_t<Self> &b)
    {
        return self.value <=> b.value;
    }
 
    /**
     * Extract the underlying `Storage` value.
     *
     * The `Bitpack` must not be `volatile`.  Use `.read()` first.
     */
    constexpr explicit operator Storage() const
    {
        return this->value;
    }
 
    /**
     * A shorter way of spelling `static_cast<Storage>(...)`.
     *
     * The `Bitpack` must not be `volatile`.  Use `.read()` first.
     */
    [[nodiscard]] constexpr Storage raw() const
    {
        return static_cast<Storage>(*this);
    }
 
    /**
     * Return a snapshot of the underlying `Storage`.
     *
     * Notably, this can be used to get a `const` `Bitpack` from a `volatile`
     * `Bitpack` (`const` or not).
     */
    template<typename Self>
    const auto read(this Self &&self)
    {
        return std::remove_cvref_t<Self>{self.value};
    }
 
    /// Convenience wrapper for the types of numeric fields.
    template<typename T>
        requires std::is_unsigned_v<T>
    struct Numeric
    {
        /// Export the underlying numeric type
        using NumericType = T;
 
        /*
         * The field type must be smaller than the `Bitpack`'s underlying
         * `Storage`.
         */
        static_assert(sizeof(T) <= sizeof(Storage));
 
        T value;
 
        constexpr Numeric(T v) : value(v) {}
 
        constexpr operator T() const
        {
            return this->value;
        }
 
        [[nodiscard]] constexpr T raw() const
        {
            return static_cast<T>(this->value);
        }
    };
 
    /**
     * Information about a field within a `Bitpack`.
     *
     * Fields are contiguous spans of bits and so have a lowest and highest bit
     * position within the underlying Storage word.
     *
     * Fields may be marked as constant to dissuade software from attempting to
     * change their value.  Do note, though, that any store of an underlying
     * Storage word will also, necessarily, include the bits for constant
     * Fields.  It is likely generally more advisable to not mix constant and
     * non-constant fields within the same Storage word or `Bitpack`.
     */
    struct FieldInfo
    {
        /// Minimum 0-indexed bit position occupied by this field
        size_t minIndex;
        /// Maximum 0-indexed bit position occupied by this field
        size_t maxIndex;
        /**
         * Should this field be proxied as constant (and so mutation be slightly
         * less ergonomic)?
         */
        bool isConst = false;
 
        bool operator==(const FieldInfo &) const = default;
 
        /// Return the field width, in bits.
        [[nodiscard]] constexpr size_t width() const
        {
            return maxIndex - minIndex + 1;
        }
 
        /**
         * Return the maximum value this field can hold, if it is interpreted as
         * holding an unsigned number.
         */
        [[nodiscard]] constexpr Storage maximum_as_unsigned() const
        {
            return (static_cast<Storage>(1U) << width()) - 1;
        }
    };
 
    /**
     * A particular Field within a `Bitpack`.
     *
     * Fields are templated on the type as seen by external code and the
     * FieldInfo data giving the field's location and other properties.
     */
    template<typename TypeParam, FieldInfo InfoParam>
    struct Field
    {
        /// Expose the type parameter
        using Type = TypeParam;
        /// Expose the FieldInfo parameter
        static constexpr FieldInfo Info = InfoParam;
 
        // The field's span of bits must start before it ends
        static_assert(Info.maxIndex >= Info.minIndex,
                      "Field span ends before it begins");
 
        static_assert(!std::is_base_of_v<Numeric<bool>, Type> ||
                        (Info.maxIndex == Info.minIndex),
                      "Numeric<bool> fields should be exactly one bit wide");
 
        static_assert(
          !std::is_enum_v<Type> ||
            !requires {
                { std::underlying_type_t<Type>() } -> std::same_as<bool>;
            } || (Info.maxIndex == Info.minIndex),
          "Enum fields with underlying type bool should be exactly "
          "one bit wide");
 
        static_assert((Info.maxIndex - Info.minIndex + 1) <=
                        CHAR_BIT * sizeof(Type),
                      "Field type is narrower than specified field bit width");
 
        static_assert((Info.maxIndex - Info.minIndex + 1) <
                        CHAR_BIT * sizeof(Storage),
                      "Field width is not smaller than Bitpack's Storage type");
 
        /// A span of set bits, starting at index 0, and of the field's width.
        static constexpr Storage ValueMask =
          (1U << (Info.maxIndex - Info.minIndex + 1)) - 1;
 
        /// The mask of bits occupied by this value (occupied bits are set).
        static constexpr Storage FieldMask = ValueMask << Info.minIndex;
 
        /// Extract a Field from a raw Storage value
        constexpr static Type raw_view(Storage storage)
        {
            return static_cast<Type>((storage >> Info.minIndex) & ValueMask);
        }
 
        /// Compute the underlying Storage transform for a Field update
        constexpr static Storage raw_with(Storage lhs, Storage rhs)
        {
            return (lhs & ~FieldMask) | ((rhs & ValueMask) << Info.minIndex);
        }
 
        /// Update for fields whose type can be static_cast to Storage
        constexpr static Storage raw_with(Storage lhs, Type rhs)
            requires requires { static_cast<Storage>(std::declval<Type>()); }
        {
            return raw_with(lhs, static_cast<Storage>(rhs));
        }
 
        /// Update for fields that are themselves `Bitpacks` at smaller types
        template<typename OtherStorage>
            requires requires { sizeof(OtherStorage) < sizeof(Storage); }
        constexpr static Storage raw_with(Storage               lhs,
                                          Bitpack<OtherStorage> rhs)
        {
            return raw_with(lhs, static_cast<OtherStorage>(rhs));
        }
 
        /**
         * A proxy for this Field within the `Bitpack`'s `Storage`.
         *
         * This provides getters, setters, and mutators phrased in terms of the
         * `Field`'s exposed `Type` rather than the raw bits within the
         * `Bitpack`'s underlying `Storage` word.
         *
         * Proxies are templated on their containing derived type (so that they
         * can act "in situ" in the class hierarchy, consuming and returning the
         * same type, which must have `Bitpack` as its base type) and the type
         * of the reference they hold to their containing `Bitpack`'s underlying
         * `Storage` word (so that they can properly propagate `volatile` and
         * `const` qualifications from the `Bitpack` value and the `Field`'s
         * properties to perceived type).
         */
        template<typename DerivedBitpack, typename RefTypeParam>
            requires std::is_base_of_v<Bitpack, DerivedBitpack> &&
                     std::is_lvalue_reference_v<RefTypeParam> &&
                     std::is_same_v<Storage, std::remove_cvref_t<RefTypeParam>>
        class Proxy
        {
            /// A qualified reference to the containing `Bitpack`'s `Storage`.
            RefTypeParam ref;
 
            public:
            /// Name the Field of which we are a proxy
            using Field = Field;
 
            /// Expose the qualified reference type we hold to the Storage
            using RefType = RefTypeParam;
 
            /// Expose the type of the bitpack into which we are a Field::Proxy
            using ContainingBitpack = DerivedBitpack;
 
            /**
             * Construct a proxy given a reference to the storage word.
             *
             * May take any reference type implicitly convertible to RefType,
             * not just RefType itself.
             */
            template<typename R>
            constexpr Proxy(R &r) : ref(r.value)
            {
            }
 
            /**
             * Compute and store an updated `Bitpack` value with a new value for
             * this field (of the field type itself).
             *
             * For `volatile` `Bitpack`s, this will perform a load and store.
             */
            template<typename Self>
                requires(
                  !std::is_const_v<std::remove_reference_t<RefTypeParam>>)
            // NOLINTNEXTLINE(misc-unconventional-assign-operator)
            constexpr Self &&operator=(this Self &&self, Field::Type rhs)
            {
                self.ref = raw_with(self.ref, rhs);
                return self;
            }
 
            /**
             * Compute and store an updated `Bitpack` value with a new value for
             * this field, when this field's type is a Numeric wrapper, and the
             * RHS is the underlying type inside the Numeric wrapper.
             *
             * For `volatile` `Bitpack`s, this will perform a load and store.
             */
            template<typename Self, typename RHS>
                requires(
                  !std::is_const_v<std::remove_reference_t<RefTypeParam>> &&
                  std::is_same_v<Field::Type, Numeric<RHS>>)
            // NOLINTNEXTLINE(misc-unconventional-assign-operator)
            constexpr Self &&operator=(this Self &&self, RHS rhs)
            {
                self.ref = raw_with(self.ref, Field::Type{rhs});
                return self;
            }
 
            /**
             * Compute and store an updated `Bitpack` value with a new value for
             * this field, when this field's type is an enum class and the
             * RHS is the underlying type of that enum.
             *
             * For `volatile` `Bitpack`s, this will perform a load and store.
             */
            template<typename Self, typename RHS>
                requires(
                  !std::is_const_v<std::remove_reference_t<RefTypeParam>> &&
                  std::is_scoped_enum_v<Field::Type> &&
                  std::is_same_v<std::underlying_type_t<Field::Type>, RHS>)
            // NOLINTNEXTLINE(misc-unconventional-assign-operator)
            constexpr Self &&operator=(this Self &&self, RHS rhs)
            {
                self.ref = raw_with(self.ref, Field::Type{rhs});
                return self;
            }
 
            /**
             * Explicit conversion of a Field::Proxy to the field value.
             *
             * The Proxy must not have a `volatile` reference to Storage.
             * Use `.read()` on the containing `Bitpack`, first.
             */
            template<typename Self>
                requires(
                  !std::is_volatile_v<std::remove_reference_t<RefTypeParam>>)
            constexpr operator Field::Type(this Self &&self)
            {
                return raw_view(self.ref);
            }
 
            /// A shorter way of spelling static_cast<Field::Type>()...
            [[nodiscard]] constexpr Field::Type raw() const
            {
                return static_cast<Field::Type>(*this);
            }
 
            /// Get the value of this enum-typed field as its underlying type.
            [[nodiscard]] constexpr auto rawer() const
                requires(std::is_enum_v<typename Field::Type>)
            {
                return std::to_underlying(this->raw());
            }
 
            /**
             * Get the value of this Numeric-typed field as its underlying type.
             */
            [[nodiscard]] constexpr auto rawer() const
                requires(std::is_base_of_v<
                         Numeric<typename std::remove_cvref_t<
                           typename Field::Type>::NumericType>,
                         typename std::remove_cvref_t<typename Field::Type>>)
            {
                return this->raw().raw();
            }
 
            /**
             * Construct a new `Bitpack` value with an updated value of this
             * field.
             *
             * This is emphatically not `volatile`-qualified, and has no
             * `volatile`-qualified overload.  `.read()` the containing
             * `Bitpack`, first.
             */
            [[nodiscard]] constexpr DerivedBitpack with(Field::Type rhs) const
            {
                return DerivedBitpack{raw_with(this->ref, rhs)};
            }
 
            /**
             * Construct a new `Bitpack` value with an updated value of this
             * field as a function of its current value.
             *
             * This is emphatically not `volatile`-qualified, and has no
             * `volatile`-qualified overload.  `.read()` the containing
             * `Bitpack`, first.
             */
            constexpr DerivedBitpack with(auto &&f) const
                requires std::
                  is_invocable_r_v<Field::Type, decltype(f), Field::Type>
            {
                /*
                 * Perform one read and use it twice to avoid double-tapping
                 * volatile storage!
                 */
                Storage storage = this->ref;
                return DerivedBitpack{raw_with(storage, f(raw_view(storage)))};
            }
 
            /**
             * Compute and store an updated `Bitpack` value with a new value for
             * this field as a function of its current value.
             *
             * For `volatile` `Bitpack`s, this will perform a load and store.
             */
            template<typename Self>
            constexpr void alter(this Self &&self, auto &&f)
                requires(
                  std::
                    is_invocable_r_v<Field::Type, decltype(f), Field::Type> &&
                  !std::is_const_v<std::remove_reference_t<RefTypeParam>>)
            {
                Storage storage = self.ref;
                self.ref        = raw_with(storage, f(raw_view(storage)));
            }
 
            /**
             * Convenience function for unconditionally assigning a field when
             * it helps to have a zero value of that field's type.
             *
             * Use `.alter()` if the current value of the field is required.
             *
             * Because this requires a read of the whole `Bitpack` to update,
             * we refuse to operate on `volatile` values, and because it's an
             * assignment, we don't operate on `const` values either.
             */
            constexpr void assign_from(auto &&f)
                requires(
                  std::is_invocable_r_v<Field::Type, decltype(f), Field::Type>)
            {
                this->ref = raw_with(this->ref, f(raw_view(0)));
            }
 
            constexpr auto operator<=>(Proxy rhs) const
                requires(requires(Field::Type v) {
                    { v <=> v };
                })
            {
                return raw() <=> rhs.raw();
            }
 
            constexpr auto operator<=>(Field::Type rhs) const
                requires(requires(Field::Type v) {
                    { v <=> v };
                })
            {
                return raw() <=> rhs;
            }
 
            constexpr bool operator==(Proxy rhs) const
                requires(requires(Field::Type v) {
                    { v == v } -> std::same_as<bool>;
                })
            {
                return raw() == rhs.raw();
            }
 
            constexpr bool operator==(Field::Type rhs) const
                requires(requires(Field::Type v) {
                    { v == v } -> std::same_as<bool>;
                })
            {
                return raw() == rhs;
            }
        };
 
        template<bool C, typename T>
            requires std::is_lvalue_reference_v<T>
        using ConditionalConstRef = std::
          conditional_t<C, std::add_const_t<std::remove_reference_t<T>> &, T>;
 
        /*
         * Guide template deduction to conclude that a Field has a RefType
         * that is as CV-qualified as the `Bitpack` of which it is a part, with
         * the further possibility of const-qualification for fields annotated
         * as constant.
         *
         * Yes, the `decltype(())` is deliberate: we want the lvalue expression
         * rather than the prvalue expression.
         */
        template<typename BitpackType>
        Proxy(BitpackType &r)
          -> Proxy<std::remove_cvref_t<BitpackType>,
                   ConditionalConstRef<Info.isConst, decltype((r.value))>>;
    };
 
    protected:
    /**
     * Build a Field::Proxy of an explicitly given type and info.
     *
     * This is protected so that it is available to subclasses but not more
     * generally.
     */
    template<typename FieldType, FieldInfo Info, typename Self>
    constexpr auto member(this Self &&self)
    {
        return typename Field<FieldType, Info>::Proxy(self);
    }
 
    public:
    /**
     * Build a Field::Proxy proxy by asking the derived Self class for a
     * FieldInfo structure computed from template expansion of
     * Self::field_info_for_type<FieldType>().
     */
    template<typename FieldType, typename Self>
        requires std::is_convertible_v<
          decltype(std::remove_cvref_t<Self>::template field_info_for_type<
                   FieldType>()),
          const FieldInfo>
    constexpr auto member(this Self &&self)
    {
        /*
         * Find the information for the field type; "deducing this" gives us
         * access to the derived class's type without need for the CRTP.
         */
        static constexpr FieldInfo Info =
          std::remove_cvref_t<Self>::template field_info_for_type<FieldType>();
 
        return self.template member<FieldType, Info>();
    }
 
    /**
     * Fetch the value of a field in this `Bitpack` based on the field type.
     *
     * For `volatile` `Bitpack`s, this will perform a load.
     */
    template<typename FieldType, typename Self>
    constexpr FieldType get(this Self &&self)
    {
        return self.template member<FieldType>();
    }
 
    /**
     * Compute a new `Bitpack` value with an updated field of a given type.
     *
     * For `volatile` `Bitpack`s, this will perform a load.
     */
    template<typename FieldType, typename Self>
    constexpr std::remove_cvref_t<Self> with(this Self &&self, FieldType v)
    {
        return self.template member<FieldType>().with(v);
    }
 
    /**
     * Compute a new `Bitpack` value with an updated field of a given type.
     *
     * For `volatile` `Bitpack`s, this will perform a load and store.
     */
    template<typename FieldType, typename Self>
    constexpr void set(this Self &&self, FieldType v)
    {
        self.template member<FieldType>() = v;
    }
 
    /**
     * Convenience function for unconditionally changing several sub-fields at
     * once.  Intended particularly for use with `volatile` `Bitpack`-s, to help
     * ensure only one read and one write takes place, as the callback operates
     * on a non-`volatile` `Bitpack`.
     */
    template<typename Self>
    constexpr void alter(this Self &&self, auto &&f)
        requires std::is_invocable_r_v<std::remove_cvref_t<Self>,
                                       decltype(f),
                                       std::remove_cvref_t<Self>>
    {
        std::remove_cvref_t<Self> value{self.value};
        self = f(value);
    }
 
    /**
     * Convenience function for unconditionally assigning an entire `Bitpack`
     * from a computed value.  The function receives a zero-valued instance of
     * the `Bitpack` type.
     */
    template<typename Self>
    constexpr void assign_from(this Self &&self, auto &&f)
        requires std::is_invocable_r_v<std::remove_cvref_t<Self>,
                                       decltype(f),
                                       std::remove_cvref_t<Self>>
    {
        self = f(std::remove_cvref_t<Self>(0));
    }
};
 
/**
 * It is occasionally useful to derive one bitpack from another.  Using
 * BitpackDerived<B> as the sole (non-empty) base class of an aggregate type
 * reduces the syntactic clutter of deriving from the bitpack B.
 *
 * See `BITPACK_DERIVED_PREFIX` and `BITPACK_DERIVED_FIELD_INFO_FOR_TYPE`.
 */
template<typename B>
    requires std::derived_from<B, Bitpack<typename B::Storage>>
struct BitpackDerived : B
{
    using B::B;
    using B::operator=;
 
    protected:
    using ParentBitpack = B;
};
 
/**
 * \defgroup bitpacks_macros Convenience macros
 * @{
 */
 
/**
 * \defgroup bitpacks_macros_defn Field definition macros
 * @{
 */
 
/**
 * Capture the incantations often at the top of a `Bitpack` structure,
 * especially one with type-directed field proxies.
 */
#define BITPACK_USUAL_PREFIX                                                   \
    using Bitpack::Bitpack;                                                    \
    using Bitpack::operator=;                                                  \
    template<typename FieldType>                                               \
    static constexpr FieldInfo field_info_for_type() = delete;
 
/**
 * Define a named accessor for a field.
 *
 * Takes the name of the accessor, the type to use for the proxy, and the fields
 * of the FieldInfo (as varargs).  If the latter is omitted, this defines an
 * alias for a field whose type is sufficient to resolve the FieldInfo through
 * field_info_for_type.
 */
#define BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD(name, Type, ...)                                    \
    template<typename Self>                                                    \
    constexpr auto name(this Self &&self)                                      \
    {                                                                          \
        return self.template member<Type __VA_OPT__(, {__VA_ARGS__})>();       \
    }
 
/**
 * Encapsulate the gyrations required to define an `enum class`-typed field and
 * its associated `field_info_for_type` within a `Bitpack`.  Takes the name of
 * the `enum` class to define, its underlying type, and then the fields of a
 * `FieldInfo` as varargs; the enumerators should follow the macro invocation,
 * surrounded in curly braces and terminated with a semicolon.
 */
#define BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_ENUM(Type, Base, ...)                               \
    enum class Type : Base;                                                    \
    template<>                                                                 \
    constexpr FieldInfo field_info_for_type<Type>()                            \
    {                                                                          \
        constexpr auto info = FieldInfo{__VA_ARGS__};                          \
        static_assert(requires { Field<Type, info>(); });                      \
        return info;                                                           \
    }                                                                          \
    enum class Type : Base
 
/**
 * Define a new scoped enumeration type whose underlying type is bool, with the
 * given false and true value names, at the given bit position.
 *
 * FieldInfo fields other than minIndex and maxIndex may be provided as
 * additional arguments.
 *
 * Contrast `BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_BOOL`, which does not introduce the custom
 * enumerator values like our `FalseVal` and `TrueVal`.
 *
 * See `BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_ENUM`, which this uses, for more details.
 */
#define BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_ENUM_BOOL(Type, FalseVal, TrueVal, BitIndex, ...)   \
    BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_ENUM(                                                   \
      Type, bool, BitIndex, BitIndex __VA_OPT__(, __VA_ARGS__))                \
    {                                                                          \
        FalseVal = false, TrueVal = true,                                      \
    }
 
/**
 * Define a new boolean scoped enumeration with values named "Cleared" (0)
 * and "Asserted" (1) at the given bit index.
 */
#define BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_ENUM_BOOL_CLEARED_ASSERTED(Type, BitIndex, ...)     \
    BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_ENUM_BOOL(                                              \
      Type, Cleared, Asserted, BitIndex __VA_OPT__(, __VA_ARGS__))
 
/**
 * Define a new boolean scoped enumeration with values named "Disabled" (0)
 * and "Enabled" (1) at the given bit index.
 */
#define BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_ENUM_BOOL_DISABLED_ENABLED(Type, BitIndex, ...)     \
    BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_ENUM_BOOL(                                              \
      Type, Disabled, Enabled, BitIndex __VA_OPT__(, __VA_ARGS__))
 
/**
 * Encapsulate the gyrations required to define a `Numeric`-typed field and its
 * associated `field_info_for_type` within a `Bitpack`.  Takes the name of the
 * struct to define, the `Numeric`'s underlying type, and then the fields of a
 * `FieldInfo` as varargs.
 */
#define BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_NUMERIC(Type, Base, ...)                            \
    struct Type : Numeric<Base>                                                \
    {                                                                          \
        using Numeric::Numeric;                                                \
    };                                                                         \
    template<>                                                                 \
    constexpr FieldInfo field_info_for_type<Type>()                            \
    {                                                                          \
        constexpr auto info = FieldInfo{__VA_ARGS__};                          \
        static_assert(requires { Field<Type, info>(); });                      \
        return info;                                                           \
    }
 
/**
 * Define a new type wrapper around bool for a 1-bit field at a given BitIndex.
 *
 * FieldInfo fields other than minIndex and maxIndex may be provided as
 * additional arguments.
 *
 * By contrast to `BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_ENUM_BOOL`, the values introduced here are
 * `Type{false}` and `Type{true}` rather than custom enumerators.
 *
 * See `BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_NUMERIC`, which this uses, for more details.
 */
#define BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_BOOL(Type, BitIndex, ...)                           \
    BITPACK_MEMBER_ADD_NUMERIC(                                                \
      Type, bool, BitIndex, BitIndex __VA_OPT__(, __VA_ARGS__))
 
/// @}
 
/**
 * \defgroup bitpacks_macros_member Type-qualifying member accessor macros
 * @{
 */
 
/**
 * A convenience macro that presumes the type `T` is defined within the
 * `Bitpack` `b` and finds such a field's proxy.
 *
 * There is no `BITPACK_MEMBER_TYPE(b, T)` analogue, because that's just
 * `b.member<T>()`.
 */
#define BITPACK_MEMBER_DECLTYPE(b, T)                                          \
    (b).template member<std::remove_reference_t<decltype(b)>::T>()
 
/**
 * Like BITPACK_MEMBER_DECLTYPE, but with additional an "typename" keyword so we
 * can use a dependently-typed bitpack `b` (say, the type of `b` is `auto` or,
 * more generally, involves a template argument).
 */
#define BITPACK_MEMBER_DEPENDENT(b, T)                                         \
    (b).template member<typename std::remove_reference_t<decltype(b)>::T>()
 
/// @}
 
/**
 * \defgroup bitpacks_macros_derived Derived bitpack definition macros
 * @{
 */
 
/**
 * Capture the incantations often at the top of a `BitpackDerived` structure.
 * especially one with type-directed field proxys.
 */
#define BITPACK_DERIVED_PREFIX                                                 \
    using BitpackDerived<ParentBitpack>::BitpackDerived;                       \
    using BitpackDerived<ParentBitpack>::operator=;                            \
    /* Inherit field info for most types from parent bitpack */                \
    template<typename FieldType>                                               \
    static constexpr FieldInfo field_info_for_type()                           \
    {                                                                          \
        return ParentBitpack::field_info_for_type<FieldType>();                \
    }
 
/// Modify the field information for a type in a derived bitpack.
#define BITPACK_DERIVED_FIELD_INFO_FOR_TYPE(Type, lambda)                      \
    template<>                                                                 \
    constexpr FieldInfo field_info_for_type<Type>()                            \
    {                                                                          \
        static_assert(                                                         \
          std::is_invocable_r_v<void, decltype(lambda), FieldInfo &>);         \
        auto fi = ParentBitpack::field_info_for_type<Type>();                  \
        lambda(fi);                                                            \
        return fi;                                                             \
    }
 
/**
 * Modify the constness field information for a type in a derived bitpack.
 * This is a thin wrapper around BITPACK_DERIVED_FIELD_INFO_FOR_TYPE.
 */
#define BITPACK_DERIVED_FIELD_CONST_FOR_TYPE(Type, c)                          \
    BITPACK_DERIVED_FIELD_INFO_FOR_TYPE(Type, [](auto &fi) { fi.isConst = c; })
 
/// @}
 
/**
 * \defgroup bitpacks_macros_proxyop_qualify Type-qualifying proxy operator
 * macros
 * @{
 */
 
/**
 * Operate between a `Field::Proxy` `proxy` and a given `value`, which will be
 * qualifed with `proxy`'s `Field::Type` name.
 *
 * This will not work on `volatile` bitpacks; use `.read` first.
 */
#define BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY(proxy, operator, value)                        \
    ({                                                                         \
        using F = decltype(proxy)::Field::Type;                                \
        (proxy) operator(F::value);                                            \
    })
 
/// A fusion of BITPACK_MEMBER_DECLTYPE and BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY
#define BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY_DECLTYPE(b, T, operator, v)                    \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY(BITPACK_MEMBER_DECLTYPE(b, T), operator, v)
 
/// A fusion of BITPACK_MEMBER_DEPENDENT and BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY
#define BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY_DEPENDENT(b, T, operator, v)                   \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY(BITPACK_MEMBER_DEPENDENT(b, T), operator, v)
 
/// A fusion of .member<>() and BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY
#define BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY_TYPE(b, T, operator, v)                        \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY((b).template member<T>(), operator, v)
 
/// A specialization of BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY using `.with` as the operator
#define BITPACK_WITH_QUALIFY(proxy, value)                                     \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY(proxy, .with, value)
 
/**
 * A specialization of BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY_DECLTYPE using `.with` as the
 * operator
 */
#define BITPACK_WITH_QUALIFY_DECLTYPE(b, T, v)                                 \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY_DECLTYPE(b, T, .with, v)
 
/**
 * A specialization of BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY_DEPENDENT using `.with` as the
 * operator
 */
#define BITPACK_WITH_QUALIFY_DEPENDENT(b, T, v)                                \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY_DEPENDENT(b, T, .with, v)
 
/**
 * A specialization of BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY_TYPE using `.with` as the
 * operator
 */
#define BITPACK_WITH_QUALIFY_TYPE(b, T, v)                                     \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY_TYPE(b, T, .with, v)
 
/// @}
 
/**
 * \defgroup bitpacks_macros_proxyop_construct Type-constructing proxy operator
 * macros
 *
 * @{
 */
 
/**
 * Operate between a `Field::Proxy` `proxy` and a given `value`, which will be
 * wrapped with `proxy`'s `Field::Type`'s constructor.
 *
 * This will not work on `volatile` bitpacks; use `.read` first.
 */
#define BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP(proxy, operator, value)                           \
    ({                                                                         \
        using F = decltype(proxy)::Field::Type;                                \
        (proxy) operator(F{value});                                            \
    })
 
/// A fusion of BITPACK_MEMBER_DECLTYPE and BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP
#define BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP_DECLTYPE(b, T, operator, v)                       \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP(BITPACK_MEMBER_DECLTYPE(b, T), operator, v)
 
/// A fusion of BITPACK_MEMBER_DEPENDENT and BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP
#define BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP_DEPENDENT(b, T, operator, v)                      \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP(BITPACK_MEMBER_DEPENDENT(b, T), operator, v)
 
/// A fusion of .member<>() and BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP
#define BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP_TYPE(b, T, operator, v)                           \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP((b).template member<T>(), operator, v)
 
/// A specialization of BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP using `.with` as the operator
#define BITPACK_WRAP_WITH(proxy, value)                                        \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP(proxy, .with, value)
 
/**
 * A specialization of BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP_DECLTYPE using `.with` as the
 * operator.
 */
#define BITPACK_WITH_WRAP_DECLTYPE(b, T, v)                                    \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP_DECLTYPE(b, T, .with, v)
 
/**
 * A specialization of BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP_DEPENDENT using `.with` as the
 * operator
 */
#define BITPACK_WITH_WRAP_DEPENDENT(b, T, v)                                   \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP_DEPENDENT(b, T, .with, v)
 
/// A specialization of BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP_TYPE using `.with` as the operator
#define BITPACK_WITH_WRAP_TYPE(b, T, v)                                        \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_WRAP_TYPE(b, T, .with, v)
 
/// @}
 
/**
 * \defgroup bitpacks_macros_proxyop_directed Type-directed proxy operator
 * macros
 *
 * @{
 */
 
/**
 * Given a bitpack `b` -- not a Proxy of a Field therein -- and a value, operate
 * between the bitpack's view of that value's type and the value.
 */
#define BITPACK_OPERATE_VALUE(b, operator, value)                              \
    ({ (b).template member<decltype(value)>() operator(value); })
 
/**
 * Given a bitpack `b` -- not a Proxy of a Field therein -- qualify the given
 * value with the bitpack's type and then operate between the bitpack's Proxy of
 * that qualified value's type and said value.
 */
#define BITPACK_OPERATE_VALUE_DECLTYPE(b, operator, value)                     \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_VALUE(                                                     \
      b, operator, std::remove_reference_t<decltype(b)>::value)
 
/**
 * BITPACK_OPERATE_VALUE with dependent qualification for the type of the
 * bitpack.
 */
#define BITPACK_OPERATE_VALUE_DEPENDENT(b, operator, value)                    \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_VALUE(                                                     \
      b, operator, typename std::remove_reference_t<decltype(b)>::value)
 
/// A specialization of BITPACK_OPERATE_VALUE using `.with` as the operator
#define BITPACK_WITH_VALUE(b, value) BITPACK_OPERATE_VALUE(b, .with, value)
 
/**
 * A specialization of BITPACK_OPERATE_VALUE_DECLTYPE using `.with` as the
 * operator
 */
#define BITPACK_WITH_VALUE_DECLTYPE(b, value)                                  \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_VALUE_DECLTYPE(b, .with, value)
 
/**
 * A specialization of BITPACK_OPERATE_VALUE_DEPENDENT using `.with` as the
 * operator.
 */
#define BITPACK_WITH_VALUE_DEPENDENT(b, value)                                 \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_VALUE_DEPENDENT(b, .with, value)
 
/// @}
 
/**
 * \defgroup bitpacks_macros_proxyop_enum "using enum" proxy operator macros
 *
 * @{
 */
 
/**
 * Convenience for scoped enum fields, bringing the enumerators of the field
 * type into scope while evaluating the value.
 *
 * Note that this uses `using enum` internally, and so cannot work with
 * `Proxy`-s whose Field::Type-s are dependent.  Alas, this precludes the
 * existence of a `BITPACK_*_ENUM_DEPENDENT` family of helpers.
 *
 * Probably prefer BITPACK_OPERATE_QUALIFY if you do not need repeated use of
 * the enumeration's values within the passed `value`.
 */
#define BITPACK_OPERATE_ENUM(proxy, operator, value)                           \
    ({                                                                         \
        using E = decltype(proxy)::Field::Type;                                \
        static_assert(std::is_enum_v<E>);                                      \
        using enum E;                                                          \
        (proxy) operator(value);                                               \
    })
 
/// A fusion of BITPACK_MEMBER_DECLTYPE and BITPACK_OPERATE_ENUM
#define BITPACK_OPERATE_ENUM_DECLTYPE(b, T, operator, v)                       \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_ENUM(BITPACK_MEMBER_DECLTYPE(b, T), operator, v)
 
/// A fusion of .member<>() and BITPACK_OPERATE_ENUM
#define BITPACK_OPERATE_ENUM_TYPE(b, T, operator, v)                           \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_ENUM((b).template member<T>(), operator, v)
 
/// A specialization of BITPACK_OPERATE_ENUM using `.with` as the operator
#define BITPACK_WITH_ENUM(proxy, value)                                        \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_ENUM(proxy, .with, value)
 
/**
 * A specialization of BITPACK_OPERATE_ENUM_DECLTYPE using `.with` as the
 * operator.
 */
#define BITPACK_WITH_ENUM_DECLTYPE(b, T, v)                                    \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_ENUM_DECLTYPE(b, T, .with, v)
 
/// A specialization of BITPACK_OPERATE_ENUM_TYPE using `.with` as the operator
#define BITPACK_WITH_ENUM_TYPE(b, T, v)                                        \
    BITPACK_OPERATE_ENUM_TYPE(b, T, .with, v)
 
/// @}
 
/**
 * \defgroup bitpacks_macros_field_metadata Field metadata helpers
 *
 * @{
 */
 
/**
 * Given a Proxy to a Field in a given Bitpack, return that Field's mask as an
 * instance of that Bitpack.  That is, return a Bitpack containing exactly all
 * of and only that Field's constituent bits asserted.
 */
#define BITPACK_FIELD_MASK(proxy)                                              \
    (static_cast<decltype(proxy)::ContainingBitpack>(                          \
      decltype(proxy)::Field::FieldMask))
 
/// A fusion of BITPACK_MEMBER_DECLTYPE and BITPACK_FIELD_MASK
#define BITPACK_FIELD_MASK_DECLTYPE(b, T)                                      \
    BITPACK_FIELD_MASK(BITPACK_MEMBER_DECLTYPE(b, T))
 
/// A fusion of BITPACK_MEMBER_DEPENDENT and BITPACK_FIELD_MASK
#define BITPACK_FIELD_MASK_DEPENDENT(b, T)                                     \
    BITPACK_FIELD_MASK(BITPACK_MEMBER_DEPENDENT(b, T))
 
/**
 * Given a Proxy to a Field in a given Bitpack, return the 0-based index of that
 * Field's constituent bits.  This is mostly of interest to assembler.
 */
#define BITPACK_FIELD_SHIFT(proxy) (decltype(proxy)::Field::Info.minIndex)
 
/// A fusion of BITPACK_MEMBER_DECLTYPE and BITPACK_FIELD_SHIFT
#define BITPACK_FIELD_SHIFT_DECLTYPE(b, T)                                     \
    BITPACK_FIELD_SHIFT(BITPACK_MEMBER_DECLTYPE(b, T))
 
/// A fusion of BITPACK_MEMBER_DEPENDENT and BITPACK_FIELD_SHIFT
#define BITPACK_FIELD_SHIFT_DEPENDENT(b, T)                                    \
    BITPACK_FIELD_SHIFT(BITPACK_MEMBER_DEPENDENT(b, T))
 
/// @}
 
/**
 * \defgroup bitpacks_macros_vararg Multi-field utility macros
 *
 * @{
 */
 
/**
 * \defgroup bitpacks_macros_vararg_internal Internal helpers
 *
 * @{
 */
 
/// Map function for BITPACK_MAP_DECLTYPE
#define BITPACK_MAP_DECLTYPE_HELPER(x, b)                                      \
    std::remove_reference_t<decltype(b)>::x
 
/**
 * Given bitpack `b`, qualify each additional argument with `decltype(b)`.  That
 * is, `BITPACK_MAP_DECLTYPE(b, X, Y)` evalutes to
 * `decltype(b)::X, decltype(b)::Y`.
 */
#define BITPACK_MAP_DECLTYPE(b, ...)                                           \
    CHERIOT_MAP_LIST_UD(BITPACK_MAP_DECLTYPE_HELPER, b, __VA_ARGS__)
 
/// Map function for BITPACK_MAP_DEPENDENT
#define BITPACK_MAP_DEPENDENT_HELPER(x, b)                                     \
    typename std::remove_reference_t<decltype(b)>::x
 
/**
 * Given bitpack `b`, qualify each additional argument with `typename
 * decltype(b)`.  That is, `BITPACK_DEPENDENT(b, X, Y)` evalutes to
 * `typename decltype(b)::X, typename decltype(b)::Y`.
 */
#define BITPACK_MAP_DEPENDENT(b, ...)                                          \
    CHERIOT_MAP_LIST_UD(BITPACK_MAP_DEPENDENT_HELPER, b, __VA_ARGS__)
 
/// Map function for BITPACK_WITHS
#define BITPACK_MAP_WITHS_HELPER(x) .with(x)
 
/// @}
 
/**
 * Construct a chain of .with() whose arguments are all qualified with the type
 * of the bitpack.
 */
#define BITPACK_WITHS(b, ...)                                                  \
    (b) CHERIOT_MAP(BITPACK_MAP_WITHS_HELPER, __VA_ARGS__)
 
/**
 * A version of BITPACK_WITHS where the arguments to `.with()` are qualified
 * with the type of the bitpack.
 */
#define BITPACK_WITHS_DECLTYPE(b, ...)                                         \
    BITPACK_WITHS(b, BITPACK_MAP_DECLTYPE(b, __VA_ARGS__))
 
/**
 * A version of BITPACK_WITHS where the arguments to `.with()` are dependently
 * qualified with the type of the bitpack.
 */
#define BITPACK_WITHS_DEPENDENT(b, ...)                                        \
    BITPACK_WITHS(b, BITPACK_MAP_DEPENDENT(b, __VA_ARGS__))
 
/**
 * @addtogroup macros_vararg_internal
 * @{
 */
 
/// Helper for BITPACK_RELATE_MASKED, for computing individual field's masks
#define BITPACK_RELATE_MASKED_HELPER(x, b)                                     \
    | ({                                                                       \
        using BT = decltype(b);                                                \
        using FT = decltype(x);                                                \
        BT::Field<FT, BT::field_info_for_type<FT>()>::FieldMask;               \
    })
 
/// @}
 
/**
 * Given a list of field values (which must be fully qualified names), compute
 * the mask of these fields and the bitpack value holding these field values,
 * then mask `b` with the computed mask, and then use `operator` to relate the
 * result with the computed bitpack value.  The last value for each field is
 * used.
 */
#define BITPACK_RELATE_MASKED(b, operator, ...)                                \
    ({                                                                         \
        constexpr decltype(b.raw()) __bitpack_mask =                           \
          (0)CHERIOT_MAP_UD(BITPACK_RELATE_MASKED_HELPER, b, __VA_ARGS__);     \
        constexpr auto __bitpack_query =                                       \
          BITPACK_WITHS((decltype(b))(0), __VA_ARGS__).raw();                  \
        (b.raw() & __bitpack_mask) operator(__bitpack_query);                  \
    })
 
/**
 * A version of BITPACK_RELATE_MASKED where the field values are qualified with
 * the type of the bitpack.
 */
#define BITPACK_RELATE_MASKED_DECLTYPE(b, operator, ...)                       \
    BITPACK_RELATE_MASKED(b, operator, BITPACK_MAP_DECLTYPE(b, __VA_ARGS__))
 
/**
 * A version of BITPACK_RELATE_MASKED where the field values are dependently
 * qualified with the type of the bitpack.
 */
#define BITPACK_RELATE_MASKED_DEPENDENT(b, operator, ...)                      \
    BITPACK_RELATE_MASKED(b, operator, BITPACK_MAP_DEPENDENT(b, __VA_ARGS__))
 
/// @}
/// @}
/// @}